Stress, in itself, is an adaptive biological response that prepares us to face challenges. However, when demands persist for a prolonged period and exceed the capacity for adaptation, chronic stress sets in—a sustained state of physiological and psychological hyperactivation, associated with alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and elevated cortisol levels.

This condition is linked to cardiovascular, immunological, and mental health problems, and is recognized as a risk factor for anxiety, depression, and burnout syndrome.

Causes and factors of maintenance

• Work or academic overload Tight deadlines, constant multitasking, and lack of recognition.
• Interpersonal conflicts — toxic relationships, lack of social support, or intense family demands.
• Economic uncertainty Unemployment, debt, pressure to maintain a high standard of living.
• Perfectionism and high self-criticism — unrealistic internal standards, extreme fear of failure.
• Lack of recovery — insufficient hours of sleep, lack of leisure time, sedentary lifestyle.
• Previous experiences of trauma or early stress — can decrease physiological resilience to stress.